This seeming discrepancy has been the cause of considerable debate surrounding both the nature of the effect and its causes. However, if the player stops playing an unstopped note, puts in the stopping mute, and then tries to play a note with the same pitch as before, the resulting note is always one semitone higher! (At least, this is the case for the F horn for the B-flat horn the difference is greater some horns have yet another valve to compensate for this.) The interval of the shift varies, depending on the starting pitch. If a stopping mute is slowly introduced into the bell of the horn while a note is being played, the pitch drops (assuming the player follows the natural resonance pitch as it shifts downwards). The nature and cause of the last of these inconveniences are discussed here. To compensate, the horn player transposes the music down a semitone (in addition to any other transposition they're doing). When the "stopping mute" (or the hand, which the mute emulates) is inserted into the bell, the set of pitches produced for any given fingering is one semitone higher than it would be without the mute.Horn players need to read both treble and bass clef.However, horn parts are written for the old transposing horns, so modern players have to undo this transposition (by performing a reciprocal transposition) when they read music. With the benefit of valves, modern horn players don't have to use crooks to play in every key. Before the invention of valved horns, horn players played in different keys by adding lengths of tubing ("crooks") to transpose the fundamental pitch of the instrument to the desired key.
So, the player must learn two sets of fingerings - and decide when to switch between them as the music goes higher and lower. A thumb-operated valve switches between a horn in F and a horn in B-flat (a fourth higher). The most popular horn, the "double" horn, is two instruments in one, sharing the same mouthpiece and bell.
Playing the modern french horn presents several special challenges: French Horn Stopping - Why the pitch shift? Homeįrench Horn Stopping - Why the pitch shift? Introduction
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